Module+4


 * PAF 101—MODULE 4 GRADE SHEET **
 * BASED ON CHAPTERS 7 & 8 revised 7/23/10 **

Name here: Societal Category: Group #:

__MAXIMUM__ __YOUR__ __EXERCISE__ __POINTS__ __SCORE__ __COMMENTS__ 7.1 9  __   7.2 6   __   7.3 3   __   7.4 16   __   7.5 4   __   8.1 12   __   8.2 20   __   8.3 6   __   8.4 8   __   8.5 16   __   8.6 14   __   8.7 6   __ __Subtotal for Paper__ 120 Points Deducted: __ Late Paper  _______ __ Writing  _______ __ Organization  _______ __ Participation  _______ __ Community Service  _______ Total Points Deducted Extra Credit Points: Competition _ Speakers _

__Total Extra Credit Points__ __

=  TOTAL GRADE   = **MODULE FOUR** 120 __#__

** PAF 101 EXERCISES - MODULE FOUR ** Whenever you use a source in your answer, including all quotes, you must provide an APA-style internal citation and a full APA-style reference in the References page exercise, except for personal communications. HINT: Most of these exercises require citations. **Only attach an article if required by exercise directions. Whenever you attach an article, it must be directly behind the exercise in which it appears, and it must be clearly labeled with the exercise number and letter to which it pertains. Attach only the first page of the article unless otherwise stated.** Exercise 7.1: Identifying Benefits __ Your Total Score:  _____ (Maximum: 9 points)__ A. State your societal problem. Briefly describe your preferred policy at the local, state, or federal level and identify the primary unit of government responsible for implementing your policy. Your preferred policy is the one you believe will be most successful in dealing with the societal problem. Note: The problem and level you choose do not have to be the same as you used in Module 3, and you may choose a policy that is different than those you specified in Module 3. (3 points) __ Part A score:  _____ B. List the three most significant benefits of your policy and assign a rating of significance of 1, 2, or 3 to each item. Each rating can be used more than once. List each item in order from most significant (3) to least significant (1). Justify each rating you have assigned in no more than two sentences. (6 points) Part B Score:_
 * BASED ON CHAPTERS 7 & 8 **
 * **State your societal problem here (make sure to specify the geographic location you are focusing on):** High levels of phosphorus in stream runoff in Westchester County, NY.
 * **Describe your preferred policy to deal with this societal problem here:** Taxation of products with high phosphorus concentrations.
 * **Identify the level and primary unit of government responsible for implementing this policy here:** State government, DEC/DEP and/or NY legislature.
 * ** Identify your source of information and explain how it helped you formulate your policy here: **[] //A study conducted by Easter in 1999 found that taxing phosphate fertilizers had low transaction costs and alleviated the problem.//

**Rating (1-3):** 3 **Justification of rating:** Lowering the levels of P runoff will increase the health of stream ecosystems which can improve ecological (and in turn, economic) benefits to the surrounding areas. **Rating (1-3):** 3 **Justification of rating:** Phasing out harmful fertilizers will assist the consumers and avoid stressing the environment with sudden, drastic changes. **Rating (1-3):** 2
 * **List the most significant benefit here:** Lower levels of phosphate runoff.
 * **List the second most significant benefit here:** Eventual phasing out of high phosphorus products
 * **List the third most significant benefit here:** Increased government revenue.
 * Justification of rating:** Revenues earned will most likely not be very significant and will most likely be used to continue funding the effort to phase out P fertilizers.

Exercise 7.2: Identifying Costs Your Total Score:_ (Maximum: 6 points)

List the three most significant costs of your policy and assign a rating of significance of 1, 2, or 3 to each item. Each rating can be used more than once. List each item in order from most significant (3) to least significant (1). Justify each rating you have assigned in no more than two sentences. All financial considerations must be grouped as a single cost. Do not discuss problems with the policy itself, but instead the costs that will arise if it is implemented.

**Rating (1-3):** 2 **Justification of rating:** The new taxes would create a strain on consumers but one that could be easily managed if cheaper, cleaner alternatives were provided. **Rating (1-3):** 3 **Justification of rating:** The large farming corporations are a big part of the problem and they have a distinct advantage over smaller farmers who may struggle to pay the new taxes if alternatives are not available. **Rating (1-3):** 2 **Justification of rating:** Large, powerful companies would resist the new taxes because of the obstacles it would present to them.
 * **List the most significant cost here:** Increased taxes.
 * **List the second most significant cost here:** Strain on small farmers.
 * **List the third most significant cost here:** Resistance of large companies.

Exercise 7.3: Comparing Benefits and Costs Your Total Score:_ (Maximum: 3 points)

Calculate the benefit‑cost ratio as described in the //Maxwell Manual// and show your calculations below. Then, in one sentence, interpret the ratio. No citation or reference is needed for this exercise.

__ Benefit total __ Cost total __8__ = 1.14 7
 * **Place the original formula and your calculation of the benefit-cost ratio here:**
 * **Write a one sentence interpretation here:** This policy shows a ratio that indicates benefits outweighing the costs making the policy acceptable.

Exercise 7.4: Analyzing Your Career Preferences Your Total Score: ___ (Maximum: 16 points)


 * 1)  Complete the survey below by placing an “x” next to your preference for a career and then answer the question at the end of the survey. (3 points) Part A Score (3 points)
 * 1)  **Salary:** Salary Top 10%___ Between 10% and 50%___X __Under 50% of income among US workers__ _
 * 2)  **Hours:** Part- Time___ Less than 40__ _ No more than 40___ 40- 60___X___ Over 60___
 * 3)  **Field Type:** Solely doing good___ Mostly doing good__ _X___ Doing good and making money___ Mostly making money ___ Solely making money__ _
 * 4) __  **Proximity:** Very close to where you live ___ Within 3 hours of where you live__ X __Across the country__ _ Out of the country _____  __
 * 5) __  **Travel for Job:** No travel  ___ Travel 1-12 times a year ___X___ Travel once a month ___ Travel once a week__ _ Travel more than once a week _____
 * 6) __  **Economic Risk:** Very risky  ___ Somewhat risky ___ Neither risky nor secure__ _ Somewhat secure ___X___ Very secure _____
 * 7) __  **Working Environment:** Very orderly  ___ Orderly ___ Neither orderly nor chaotic__ _X___ Chaotic___ Very chaotic _____
 * 8)  **Region:** Northeast _X___ Mid- Atlantic__ _ South ___ Southwest__ _ Mid- west ___ West__ _
 * 9)  **Education:** Some high school ___ High school diploma__ _ Some college ___ College diploma__ _ Graduate education ___X___
 * 10)  **Neighborhood:** Urban ___ Suburban__ _X___ Rural__ _


 * ** In no more than four sentences indicate the two most important categories in this survey and why they are important to you here: ** The two most important categories listed here are **working environment** and **field type**. In order to reach my fullest potential, I need to feel comfortable and secure in my work environment with flexibility but not a lot of distractions. Field type is important because I like to connect myself emotionally to my work and reap the psychological benefits of such work.

** 1 – Of Very Little Importance 2 – Somewhat Important 3 – Very Important  ** 1. ___3___ **Helping Society:** Doing something that contributes to improving our world. 2. ___3__ _ **Helping Others:** Being involved in helping other people in a direct way. 4. _3 **Creativity:** Creating new ideas, programs, or organizational structures. 6. _3 **Knowledge:** Engaging in learning and understanding new things. 8. _2 **Public Contact:** Having a lot of day- to-day contact with others. __  10.   ___2___ **Religious:** Participating in activities to better relate to the divine, mystical, or spiritual.__ __  11.   ___2 ___ **Recognition:** Being recognized for the things I do in a public way.__ 12. _2 **Physical Challenge:** Doing activities that will require strength, speed, or agility. 14. _3 **Intellectual Status:** Being thought of as an intellectual or an expert. 16. _2 **Stability:** Having structure and routine in my activities. 18. _3 **Fun:** Finding pleasure in what you do. 20. _3 **Adventure:** Participating in risk- taking activities. 22. _2 **Technology:** Working well with machines and tools. 3. ___2____**Competition:** Engaging in activities that rival my abilities against others.__  5. ___3__ __**Artistic Creativity:** Engaging in creative activities such as painting, writing, or acting.__  7. ___1__ __**Having Power and Authority:** Controlling or influencing the opinions and activities of others.__ 9. ___2__ __**Working Alone:** Doing projects alone__ without much contact with others. 13. ___3__ __**Excitement:** Doing stimulating or thrilling work.__  15. ___2__ __**Change and Variety:** Having responsibilities that frequently change.__  17. ___1__ __**Profit-Gain:** Making lots of money.__  19. ___2__ __**Working With Others:** Working as a team member toward common goals.__  21. ___3__ __**Independence:** Being my own boss.__
 * 1) Rate the following values on a scale of 1 to 3 in terms of importance for what characteristics your career should have and answer the question that follows the survey. Part C Score (3 points)
 * **In no more than three sentences indicate which value is most important to you and why here:** **Excitement** is vital to keeping me motivated and focused on the task at hand. Work is infinitely easier when it is exciting and engaging.

** 1- **** Not interested 2- Minimally Interested 3- Not sure 4- Interested 5- Very interested **
 * 1)  Rate the following activities using a scale of 1-5 based on your possible interest in the activity, not necessarily your interest in doing the activities as a career. Add the total score for each section and mark it on the line provided (2 points). Part C Score __

3 Research new ways to produce food 5 Care for animals 3 Set up traps to catch crabs, lobster, or shellfish 4 Manage a farm 4 Maintain planted areas of trees, flowers, or shrubs 19 **Total** || ** 2. Architecture & Construction ** 2 Design, build, or remodel homes 3 Survey roads, property lines, and bridges 2 Build roads or bridges 2 Install electrical wiring in a building 2 Install plumbing and bathroom pipes/fixtures 11Total || 5 Write stories or plays 4 Broadcast programs on TV or radio 3 Design a web page 4 Play in a band, orchestra, or music group 4 Operate equipment used in radio and TV  20Total
 * ** 1. Agriculture, Food & Natural Resources **
 * ** 3. Arts, A/V Technology & **
 * Communications **

|| ** 4. Business, Management & ** 2 Type or write reports 1 Prepare tax records for people or companies 3 Manage a store 3 Work with computers 2 Answer the telephone and greet customers 11Total
 * Administration **

|| __ 3 __ Teach students to read __3__ Take care of young children __ 3 __ Research test data __ 4 __ Teach a Yoga class __3__ Coach a team **__ 16 __**** Total ** || ** 6. Finance  ** __ 2 __ Keep track of money __ 1 __ Sell insurance to people __ 1 __ Manage a bank department __ 1 __ Prepare financial records for people or companies __ 1 __ Help people invest their money ** __6__ Total ** || __ 2 __ Plan a skate park __ 3 __ Direct a social service agency __ 4 __ Participate in fund raisers __ 4 __ Make regulations to protect the environment __ 2 __ Develop bills to become laws __ 15 __** Total ** || ** 8. Health Science ** __ 3 __ Examine people and give them medical treatment __ 3 __ Give first aid to patients in an ambulance __ 3 __ Help an injured person learn to walk again __ 2 __ Process medical records and correspondence __ 2 __ Read an X-ray __ 13 __** Total ** || __ 4 __ Escort groups of people on tours __ 2 __ Serve meals and beverages to people __ 2 __ Umpire or referee a sporting event __ 3 __ Plan and conduct activities and trips for tourists __ 2 __ Manage a hotel __ 13 __** Total ** || ** 10. Human Services  ** __ 2 __ Counsel people in hospitals, clinics, or    schools __ 3 __ Help youth, couples, and families resolve conflict __ 2 __ Advise people about their nutritional needs __ 2 __ Hold parenting classes __ 3 __ Plan activities for community centers **__ 12 __**** Total ** || __ 2 __ Follow blueprints to inspect electronic equipment __ 1 __ Use computer applications to create reports __ 1 __ Repair computers __ 1 __ Design programs for computers __ 1 __ Write technical directions for engineers __ 6 __** Total ** || # ** Law, Public Safety, Corrections & Security  ** __ 2 __ Protect lives and property from hazards __ 2 __ Uncover details of a crime and arrest suspects __ 2 __ Study legal documents to find information __ 1 __ Guard money or valuables in an armored car __ 2 __ Defend someone in court and advise them about laws __ 9 __** Total ** ||  # **  Manufacturing  ** __ 2 __ Use small or large power tools to build or    repair items __ 3 __ Use precision devices to make parts __ 3 __ Use machines to shape, cut, or mold metal, fabric or wood __ 2 __ Install electrical equipment __ 1 __ Build robots __ 11 __** Total ** ||     # **  Marketing, Sales & Service  ** __ 1 __ Buy clothing and accessories for a    department store __ 1 __ Sell advertising space for a magazine __ 1 __ Provide beauty treatments for hair, faces, or nails __ 3 __ Run your own business over the Internet __ 2 __ Sell houses or land __ 8 __** Total ** || __ 4 __ Conduct experiments in a lab __ 4 __ Use advanced math to solve complex problems __ 5 __ Study causes of animal diseases __ 3 __ Study space and the solar system __ 4 __ Find alternate power sources __ 14 __** Total ** || ** 16. Transportation, Distribution & Logistics  ** __ 2 __ Drive a truck to deliver products __ 3 __ Pilot a ship or airplane __ 2 __ Drive a bus or taxi __ 3 __ Operate a train __ 2 __ Manage a distribution warehouse __ 12 __** Total ** ||
 * ** 5. Education & Training**
 * ** 7. Government & Public Administration  **
 * ** 9. Hospitality & Tourism  **
 * # ** Information Technology  **
 * ** 15. Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics (STEM) **

1 Access **__[|http://online.onetcenter.org].__** On the home page select “Career Clusters” under “Find Occupations.” From there select the career cluster that received the highest score from above. Choose a job that you would one day like to have. State the career cluster you selected. In no more than 250 words, describe and explain two pros and two cons for you of the job you selected. Be sure to include the education level required for this job position, salary and projected job openings. No citation needed for this exercise. (8 points) Part D score:
 * **State the career cluster you chose here:** Arts, A/V Technology & Communications:  Poets, Lyricists and Creative Writers
 * **Explain at least two benefits and costs of the job you selected. Be sure to include the education level required for this position here:** Benefits of this job include freedom to be creative and self-employed and a high level of growth predicted for the decade. Costs include a generally low salary and low level of activity. Education levels are typically a 4-year bachelors’ degree but can vary by job.

Exercise 7.5: Analyzing Benefit-Cost Discussion in the News Media Your Total Score:_ (Maximum: 4 points)

Using ProQuest Newspapers, or any other print or electronic newspaper source, select a recent (within the past six months) editorial, letter to the editor, or op-ed article that discusses an existing or proposed policy on __your__ societal problem. Attach the entire article directly behind this exercise.
 * **State the policy using a direct quote from the article here: “**//What’s needed now is more research and direct incentives from the Agriculture Department to find ways to mitigate this problem//.”
 * **If the author does not use the terms “benefits” and “costs,” discuss what terms are used in place of them here (if the author does use the exact terms “benefits” and “costs” please specify that below as well):** The author uses the terms “sacrifice” and “trade-offs” in the article to refer to problems with the current policy.
 * **Describe how well the writer evaluates the benefits and costs of the policy here:** The author merely suggest ways to continue research and improve the current issue; they do not discuss problems that might arise from this policy or what specific benefits this policy may bring.

Exercise 8.1: Provide Data for Four Years on A Variable Measuring Your Societal Problem Your Total Score:_ (Maximum: 12 points)

A. State your societal problem, and restate the same policy (including the same geographical location) as you stated in 7.1. (2 points) Part A score: ___

B. Select one variable that measures a societal condition that you expect your policy to impact at the same geographic location stated in 7.1. The variable must use or be based on at least one piece of real data from a published print or electronic source. (10 points) · Provide data for four time intervals. The last must be within the past calendar year. Up to three can be estimated. If you are using academic data, use school years (ex. 2001-2002). · Data should be set up in a chart as shown in Chapter 8 of the //Maxwell Manual// and using the format below, including all appropriate labels · Directly behind this exercise, attach a copy of the data you used for your real data point(s). The copy must come from a published print or electronic source. Part B score:_
 * **Restate your societal problem here, including the geographic location you are focusing on:** High levels of phosphorus in stream runoff in Westchester County, NY.
 * **Restate the policy here, including the geographic location of the policy:** Taxation of products with high phosphorus concentrations in Westchester County, NY.

|| || ** Number ** || ** Source or Rationale for Estimation ** || ||  37.2 mmt || []
 * ** World Phosphate use (millions of metric tons)  **
 * ** Time **
 * Period **
 * of [Variable] **
 * 2005

|| ||  38.7 mmt || []
 * 2006

|| ||  40.7 mmt || []
 * 2007

|| ||  41.5 mmt || []
 * 2008

||

Exercise 8.2: Calculate Percent Change Using Excel

Your Total Score_ (Maximum: 20 points)

A. Using the formula presented in the Chapter 8, calculate the percent change between the first and second year of the data presented in 8.1 of your own module. (3 points) Part A score:_ · **Write percent change here:** .65% ** Show the original formula and your calculations here: **=( //new_value //-o //riginal_value //)/ABS(original_value) Percent change between years = (New data-old data)/absolute value (old data) x 100 Percent change overall = (newest data-oldest data)/oldest data x100 B. Using Excel and the instructions provided to you in Chapter 8, calculate the percent change between each of the four years as well as between the first year and the fourth year for the variable you collected. Show all four percent changes in the format shown in Chapter 8. (14 points) Part B score:_


 * **Insert Excel chart here:**

C. Describe the pattern or lack of it over the four years. (3 points) Part C score:_

The graph shows several plateaus followed by rapid increases in phosphate use.
 * **Describe the pattern here:**

Exercise 8.3: Deciding on the Years to Use for Your Benchmark Your Total Score:_ (Maximum: 6 points)

State what three years for which you would set your benchmark. Briefly indicate why you have chosen those years. If your societal problem involves education, you must use academic years. · **State what three years you set your benchmark for here:** 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012. · **Briefly justify why you have chosen these years here:** For pollution, year to year changes will show the trends.

Exercise 8.4: Displaying Your Baseline Forecast Total Score: (Maximum: 8 points)

Place a trend line graph below that displays your historical data and your baseline forecast for the three years selected in 8.3, followed by a brief justification of the forecast. The gap between the end of your historical data (as entered in 8.1) and the beginning of your forecasted years must be shown on the graph. No citation or reference is necessary for this exercise. Refer to Chapter 8 in the //Maxwell Manual//.

· ** Follow the instructions in 8.4 of the chapter to insert a trend line graph, and insert your graph here: ** · **Write a clear justification of your forecast by quoting at least two ideas discussed in 8.4 of the chapter here:** This trend does not follow a linear prediction or have a discernable outer limit or cyclic pattern.

Exercise 8.5: Setting Your Benchmarks Total Score:_ (Maximum: 16 points)

After carefully reading the discussion in Chapter 8, indicate your three benchmarks in the spaces provided below that include the years chosen in 8.3, the benchmark, and the justification. You must use at least two of the five guidelines for setting benchmarks discussed in 8.5 of Chapter 8 in at least two different justifications. No citation or reference is necessary for this exercise.

** Complete the chart below: ** ** Projected 5% Decrease in Phosphate use per year ** || ** Benchmark ** || ** Justification ** || ||  38.7  ||  Phosphorus pollution generally disperses in a few months and this policy will decrease the amount of phosphorus bought and encourage sustainable use. || || ** Benchmark ** || ** Justification ** || ||  37.3  ||  Once the benefits of using less fertilizer are realized, use will continue to decrease. || || ** Benchmark ** || ** Justification ** || ||  35.9  ||  As alternatives are developed, use of phosphorus will decrease even more. ||
 * ** Year **
 * 2009
 * ** Year **
 * 2010
 * ** Year **
 * 2011

Exercise 8.6: Using Benchmarks to Support your Policy Proposal Your Total Score:_ (Maximum: 14 points)

A. Identify a player to whom you would present an oral briefing using the benchmark you developed for Exercise 8.5. List the player’s name and title below. (2 points) Part A score:

· **List the player’s name here:** Lisa P. Jackson · **List the player’s title here:** Administrator of the EPA B. Place a graph that shows the historical pattern, baseline, and benchmark forecasts below: (8 points) Part B score: _____ · **Follow the instructions in 8.4 and 8.6 from Chapter 8 to insert a trend line graph, and insert your graph here:** C. In no more than 3 sentences, describe the specific benefit of the policy as expressed in the above graph. (4 points) __ Part C score:  ___ · **Place response here:** This policy provides an estimated 5% reduction in phosphorus use each year which would, over time greatly reduce the amount consumed as the population continues to grow. By the year 2012, levels have returned to the year 2000 measurement.

Exercise 8.7: References Your Total Score:_ (Maximum: 6 points) · **Start References on the next line or on the next page:** Helland, J.(2004, February) // The Continuing Concern Over Phosphorus //. House Research Department. Retrieved from: []
 * Prepare a list of references that includes all sources for this module.
 * Follow the APA format.
 * Include all sources used in the exercises.

IFA. (2007, November). //World Phosphate Use//. Retrieved from: []

New York Times (The). (2010, October 10). //Tiles, Farms and the Dead Zone//. Retrieved from: []